Respiratory illnesses such as flu and cough remain common across the country, but new research has revealed that the flu and cough season in Uganda follows a consistent pattern. While these ailments occur year-round, scientists have now identified two specific periods when cases surge significantly, often affecting workplace attendance and public health systems.
A study conducted by researchers at Makerere University, led by Prof Fred Wabwire-Mangen, analyzed influenza data from 2008 to 2014. The findings showed that flu cases peak mainly between September and November, with a smaller increase from March to June. This pattern aligns closely with seasonal changes in weather, particularly increased rainfall, lower temperatures, and higher humidity.
From over 6,600 samples taken from patients across the country during the study, about 10.4 percent tested positive for influenza viruses. Notably, the dominant strains changed year by year. For example, A(H3) was more common in 2008 and 2012–2014, while A(H1N1)pdm09 took the lead in 2010, and Influenza B was more prevalent in 2011.
Recent weeks have seen a noticeable rise in flu and cough symptoms, drawing public attention due to their similarity with Covid-19. Many Ugandans have reported missed workdays, fatigue, and lingering respiratory issues. Although most cases are mild, concerns remain high, especially among families with elderly or immunocompromised individuals.
Dr Henry Kyobe, Uganda’s National Incident Commander for Covid-19, explained that current trends fit the expected seasonal flu peak. He also noted that there is a slight overlap with Covid-19 spikes. Fortunately, most recent infections have been mild and have not required hospital admission, oxygen support, or critical care.
Still, Dr Kyobe stressed that older adults remain particularly vulnerable during this period. These seasonal viruses tend to cause more severe illness in the elderly. As a result, health authorities are monitoring the situation closely and encouraging preventive measures.
Dr Bruce Kirenga of the Makerere University Lung Institute also confirmed that Covid-19 remains active in Uganda. His research team recently examined patients in Kampala showing flu symptoms, and 7.8 percent of them tested positive for Covid-19. Another broader study across 10 hospitals showed a 3.8 percent prevalence rate for Covid-19 among flu-like cases.
Dr Kirenga urged the public to remain cautious, especially those at higher risk. He advised seniors to wear face masks, maintain proper nutrition, and seek early medical care. In addition, he highlighted the importance of social support for elderly populations, who often face neglect and limited access to health services.
The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) lists symptoms of flu as fever, chills, sore throat, cough, fatigue, body aches, and occasionally vomiting or diarrhoea. Although most people recover within a few days, complications can arise. Individuals with flu symptoms should stay home, rest, and only seek contact with others when visiting a healthcare facility.
Dr Daniel Tumwine, a pediatrician at the Children’s Clinic in Naalya, offered practical advice. He encouraged patients to increase fluid intake and get enough rest. However, he warned against the misuse of antibiotics, which do not treat viral infections like flu or Covid-19. He also urged parents to remain alert to signs of pneumonia, especially in children with persistent coughs or breathing difficulties.
According to Dr Tumwine, early diagnosis is critical. In rare cases, a simple cough can develop into pneumonia, a serious lung infection that requires immediate treatment. He cautioned against relying on over-the-counter medications or unverified treatments without a proper medical assessment.
As the flu and cough season in Uganda reaches its current peak, health experts continue to stress calm vigilance. While no national emergency has been declared, public awareness and proactive care remain essential, particularly for those most at risk.
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